Friday, September 25, 2015

What Not to Wear: On Growing Up a Girl





My mother made sure that each one of her children had a photo album that tracked their growth from infancy to early adolescence. This is more challenging than you might at first imagine. Not only are we talking about analogue photography and exposure, but we are talking about the context of a hell of a civil war, and like almost all Palestinian refugees in Lebanon we were always financially challenged. But she did it, she managed it. Fortunately for me, I can trace the evolution of my dressing style with ease due to this fabulous photo album. I also happen to have an unusually strong set of early childhood memories.

My first memory had to have happened prior to August 1982 because the persons in it perished in the Israeli bombing of a building in Sanayeh (a suburb in Beirut), at that time. This must mean that I was less than two years old when I registered and retained my first memory. I can also guess the timeline of other early memories due to this kind of location. I know that we left the Southern Suburbs when the Amal militias made life for Palestinians impossible during their siege and wars on the camps in the mid eighties. In the streets of Beirut, they would round up Palestinian civilians and execute them, going door to door, looking for those of us who did not live in the camps. When I revisited and relived Lebanon, twenty years later, I had the misfortune of taking a ride with a taxi driver who got a bit sweet on me. When I told him I was Palestinian he was surprisingly undeterred but went on to tell me how he was once mistaken for one, and before he knew it, lay virtually unconscious on the floor and was moments away from execution, when they decided at the last moment to check his ID card before pulling the trigger. But I digress. Let's go back to building that timeline alongside the photo album that I am not going to show you. In the mid-eighties, my family fled this context of murderous persecution and left behind yet another house, home and belongings, and we relocated out of the Southern Suburbs to the coastline, near Hamra. At the time I was between four and five years old.

The transition in my dress code takes place well before our move to Hamra, as can be evidenced in the location of the photographs. My guess is that this took place between the ages of three or four.  The early photographs present me in dresses, very cute dresses mind you! And shortly thereafter, when I develop my own consciousness of what clothes allow or inhibit, you cease to be able to see me in a dress. And I can tell you how that happened. You can't climb trees or ladders or play soccer or kick bullies in a dress. At least that was my reasoning. I remember it, clearly, dresses inhibited my desire for motion, they revealed underwear all too readily and I was not amenable to such restrictions. My transition from wearing dresses to pants, in those first instances was purely on a practical rather than an aesthetic basis. There was also that added problem of the way I liked to sit. I didn't do legs together when I sit. It was just not appropriate for me to sit with my legs together. And thus began a lifelong tradition that I would attempt to undo in my early teens, in a self-conscious effort to fit into the final years of all-girls Catholic schooling in Sydney, Australia. Those last couple of years of school were so torturous, but you can't say I didn't try. But whenever I did, I felt like I was pretending to be someone else, I felt like a cross dresser. But that doesn't mean that I ever felt like a man in women's clothes, or like a woman in men's clothes. These were the value judgements imposed (and are still being imposed) on me by the gender police wherever I may be in the world.

When I was a child, I never had any confusion about being a girl, I never desired to be anything other than what I was biologically. I knew I was a girl. I loved it. Had I been born a boy I would've been like every other boy, and if I wore dresses like all the other girls (yes, there was no one else around like me growing up), then I would have been like every other girl. I liked being different. I liked who I was. I remember being in a car on the Syrian border, talking to my older sister and my mother, so this would have to have been in 1989 when I was 9 years old. I remember telling them this: "I love being a girl, and a strong girl, I don't want to be a boy." I remember them congratulating me on this and quickly moving to another conversation topic and I remember wishing that they'd spent a little bit more time discussing this with me.

Throughout my entire childhood, I have had to convince people that I am what my biological sex designates me as, despite the constructed phenomenology to the contrary. More often than not, people did not allow me to assert this individual truth. I was always told either "you are a boy" or "you want to be a boy" or "you're a tomboy." I think it is for this reason that I can really feel for transgender children. By 'transgender' here I mean an individual whose biological sex is distinct from their  psychic experience of themselves. Both transgender children and I have spent our childhoods trying to get people to understand who we really are and have had the problem of being told that we are NOT what we know ourselves to be. My problem is the inverse of that of the psychically transgender child. I always felt like I had to fight for being recognized as biologically female, whereas my transgender counterpart has to fight for being psychically male or female in contradistinction from the outward manifestations of biological sex.

While Palestinians in Lebanon of the 80s suffered such horrendous persecutions on every level of society, from the purges at the hands of the Kata'eb or 7arket Amal or Israeli brutalization, to name a few, my persecutors were the gender police at the Lebanese Catholic school I attended. But despite this, I didn't just survive, I thrived. In the marketplace and on the street and whenever I came in contact with the dense mélange of West Beirut's cosmopolity, I thrived. I doubt I would have received an equally enthusiastic reception if I had been an effeminate boy. I also thrived because while the gender police were actively trying to destroy my spirit at school, the situation at home afforded me such tremendous acceptance and love. Sometimes I wonder, would I have been able to write the books I have written and speak on the topics I have broached with the courage that is required to do so, if it weren't for that early unconditional love and acceptance? I think not.

When my first sister got married, this was in 1991 and I was ten years old. I hadn't worn a dress in at least 5 years at that point. I wasn't forced to do it either. I obliged. I obliged because I was implored to do so, so that I could be in my sister's bridal party. We all wore these hyper-cliched girls' mini-wedding dresses that have frills and layers and ribbons, etc., etc. I still think I looked ridiculous in it, with my short scruffy hair, but it was a fun costume. I felt kind of like children in the US must feel when they dress up for Halloween. Between the time I walked out of our apartment building and the time I arrived at the church,  I had my mini-wedding dress caught on so many edges, like car bumpers and stair rails, that in the space of a half hour, the frills were almost entirely ripped off. It wasn't something I did consciously, not at all, I just wasn't used to my clothes being so far away from my body. Once again, dresses proved to be an impractical restriction of motion in tight urban spaces and I would retire the dress until a further five years, when it would finally dawn upon me that people hate you, really hate you for who you are, and you should try to conform. I did, for a couple of years, where I would occasionally wear a dress. Eventually, however,  I came to the re-realization that the problem was not me. It was them.

Friday, September 11, 2015

Islam, Alcohol and Charee Stanley's Religious Freedom



Charee Stanley is a Muslim flight attendant, who was suspended by her employer, Express Jet, for refusing to serve alcohol to passengers. Stanley recently filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. During a brief appearance on The View, Stanley and her lawyer, Lena Masri, put forward a compelling argument for exploring the protection of her religious freedom.  Masri responded intelligently to the question of whether this is a case that is similar to that of Kim Davis, the Kentucky civil servant who refuses to issue marriage licenses to gay couples. If you'd like to see this brief exchange, see it here.

I personally relish actual, not token, diversity in the workplace. If I were Stanley's boss, I would continue to accommodate her request to refrain from serving alcohol and delegating this task to a colleague, because, as she argues, serving alcohol is a non-essential function of the condition of her employment. But, if I were Stanley's friend, or community member, I would suggest to her that Islam is not a closed set of commandments. Too often we hear "Islam says this, Islam does that..." or "In Islam there is no this...." People make this mistake with their religions all the time. They objectify them, making rigid certainties out of otherwise complex, multifurcated discursive structures. They forget that religion, vis-a-vis scripture, is a living, organic process, that in this case is 1400 years old. I might say to Charee Stanley, if I found her open to my suggestions, that the early Muslim community founded in Madinah was a minority community that had to coexist with a non-Muslim majority. It was here, in this condition, that many of the rituals that Islam shares with Judaism came to be infused in the way the faith is practiced today. The lesson learned from that period is that a Muslim living in a non-Muslim majority context may make adjustments in order to function more effectively as the case may require. For example, in recent years, the Islamic establishment responded by giving women reprieve from donning variations of 7ijab in countries where prohibition of these could lead to hardship for observant Muslim women. If you're fluent in Arabic you can listen to Sheikh al-Tantawi from al-Azhar issue this decree here.

I might also tell Charee that for the Abbasids of Iraq, the drinking of date wine was permitted and that folktales of the period are riddled with stories of Muslims undertaking some interesting libations. I could add that for the sufis, worship is the greatest form of intoxication one could ever aspire to and this is why Omar Khayyam's poetry uses the analogy of drinking wine to refer to communion with Allah. I might tell her of the most beautiful poetry that alcohol has inspired under the patronage of Islamic caliphs from Baghdad to al-Andalus. Finally, I would indicate what is to this day a very controversial realization. There is no verse in the Quran that sets punishment for the consumption of alcohol, or that expressly forbids it in the way other matters, like fornication, are explicitly forbidden.

In Surat al-Nisa', verse 23, we read: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَقْرَبُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَأَنْتُمْ سُكَارَىٰ حَتَّىٰ تَعْلَمُوا مَا تَقُولُونَ // O, ye who believe, do not approach prayer while you are intoxicated, so that you may know what you are saying (translations are mine). This verse came down, evidently, at a time where Muslims were not observing complete abstinence from alcohol. According to the researcher Ali al-Muqri, in his book Al-Khamr Wa al-Nabeeth Fi al-Islam, the verse was inspired by an incident, in which one of the prophet's companions accidentally said أعوذ بالشيطان الرجيم // I seek strength in Satan, as opposed to what he should have said, I seek strength in God from Satan.The companion was trying to pray whilst drunk and the advice in the Quran is that you shouldn't pray if you're drunk because you need to know what you're saying.

In Surat al-Baqara, verse 219, we read: يسئلونكَ عنِ الخمرِ والمَيسرِ قُلْ فيهما إثمٌ كبيرٌ ومَنافِعُ للناسِ وإثمهما أكبرُ مِن نَفْعِهما//They ask you about wine and gambling, tell them there is great wrong-doing in both of those and that the sin in them is greater than the benefit. The word إثمٌ is almost universally translated as "sin" but here it can function as an "adverse effect." No sin is said to have a potential benefit, or does it?

In Surat al-Ma2ida, verse 90, we read: يا أيُّها الذينَ ءامنوا إنَّما الخمرُ والمَيسرُ والأنصابُ والأزلامُ رِجْسٌ مِنْ عملِ الشيطانِ فاجتَنِبوهُ لعلَّكُم تُفلِحون // Oh, ye who believe, alcohol, gambling, pagan ritual and divination are the ugly work of Satan, avoid him so that you may be saved. This is the advice I would expect to hear from a parent who has been there and done that, to a child who just might get carried away in seeking unfettered pleasure, it's not the eternal fireplace that stokes our contemporary imaginations when we think of Islam and alcohol.

We find, when we look closely at the Quran, that a lot of what we take for granted as essentially Islamic is not. The story is quite different when it comes to the spoken traditions, al-ahadeeth, of the Prophet, whereby multiple sources are said to have indicated forbiddance of consumption and handling of alcohol. And here is where the question of religious freedom becomes all important. One is free to choose one's religion and free to practice it, but there is also another freedom you can accord yourself. This is the freedom to seek the truth of scripture for yourself. Should you abstain from this freedom, then your convictions are those that others have arrived at, but without the intellectual process that brought those convictions into being. Under such circumstances, I wonder if religious freedom is truly possible.